Conceptual Art as a Break From Conventions

Theoretical Art as a Break From Conventions Talk about contentions for and against the view that Conceptual Art ought to be viewed not just as a break with past shows of visual craftsmanship, however as a class of workmanship regarding explicit works from the period 1965-75. Calculated Art has become the term given to works planned to pass on a thought or idea to the perceiver, in the soul of protection from conventional realist perspectives on craftsmanships as valuable wares. Applied Art was first perceived as a development during the 1960s. Workmanship objects were dismissed completely, and supplanted by investigation ideas. Another intellectualism was moving through the craftsmanship world, and workmanship questions alone were not, at this point enough, an importance was out of nowhere basic. Applied Art is so needy upon its supporting content that the first purpose of imaginative work now and again seems to have been altogether subsumed in printed interpretation. The inquiry is how much works with such an insignificant slice of craftsmanship about them can even now be named, or comprehended, as workmanship. Also, in the event that we can't comprehend them as craftsmanship, how are we to get them? Frieds 1967 exposition Art and Objecthood will shape the foundation of this paper. The fundamental and profoundly disputable work was a sort of riposte to Judd and Morris, who he denounced as simpletons, authoring the term to portray perspectives contrary to his abstractionist translation of Modernism. For Fried, its showiness has consistently spoken to a side effect of the debauchery of simpleton masterpieces, a wantonness which sets up an organized connection among item and spectator. The drama that so disturbed Fried fused a deplorably mimetic space, however a mimetic time, as well. Seared inclinations a sort of Modernism that is all the more truly conceptual: demanding Modern works of art ought to be disconnected from affectation, from time and from a feeling of article. The distribution of Frieds exposition uncovered to divisions inside the Modernist custom, and appeared to demonstrate that the core of these divisions lay in the philosophical clashes among Idealism and Materiali sm. SoFrieds abhorrence of the term Minimal Art or Conceptual Art has made him rename it Literalist Art. He calls attention to that the desire of Judd and his counterparts is to get away from the requirements of painting: the limitations forced by the constraints of the canvas. Organization and the push to createa pictorial deception are never, as indicated by Fried, very persuading enough, very unique enough, to be fulfilling. Donald Judd clarified the issue: Whenyou begin relating parts, in any case, youre expecting you have an unclear entire the square shape of the canvas-and unmistakable parts, which is completely messed up, on the grounds that you ought to have a distinct entire and possibly no parts As per Fried and his school, painting is destined to disappointment, however maybe some goals will show up with the presentation of another measurement. He articulated reasonable (simpleton) craftsmanship as something novel, a classification of present day workmanship for every one of those scarcely delegate works that necessary an artistic back up. By and by, the new measurement carries with it another attention on the connections inside the work. Judd alludes to the social character of his figures as their humanoid attribution, discussing the correspondence between the spaces he makes, and both Judd and Morris are worried about solidarity, fulfillment, making an ideal shape fit for overpowering the fragmentary segments. From numerous points of view nothing has truly changed in form since the 1960s. There is by all accounts a steady exertion to relate parts in Catherine de Monchauxs ongoing figure, despite the fact that her work, dissimilar to Judds, is all the more clearly and indecent human in its structures. Her structures give off an impression of being founded on the human body, and her titles resemble the titles of sonnets or fantasies. Meandering about later on, anticipating the past is for all intents and purposes surrealist, it appears to be self-assertive to consider this moderate when the accentuation is notclearly on objects proclaiming the status of their reality, yet rather on some dream story. Never Forget is by all accounts about recollections, the past, things being opened up, uncovered and mapped out in a balanced and rather beautifulway. Both these works are worried about the incomprehensible task of re-membering, assembling things again from their parts-and the stand out from Judd is obvious to the degree that they are about parts being reassembled into a perfect entire, de Monchauxs models are progressively similar to compositions. From multiple points of view, her work looks like Carl Andres-especially his Venus Forge. The watchers experience of the work will clearly rely upon whether the work is seen as an article or a subject. This rehashes the issue of sorting theoretical workmanship. From the items point of view, another class of workmanship has been made through Conceptualism, arranging it in another chronicled milieu. From the perspective of the emotional watcher, maybe, such classifications are unessential, however even the layman must know about a quiet topic alluding to a break in show, consequently setting new accentuation on importance. In Frieds origination, the workmanship object gets vivified and serves the all encompassing yearning of the craftsman. In any case, the fine arts subjectivity doesn't lift the craftsman they have made an article fit for speaking to itself, and, similar to Frankenstein watching his beast, are themselves both the spectators and watched. On the off chance that Hesse is, as her journals recommend, a lady watching herself, at that point she has a prompt proclivity with Judd. The two specialists are occupied with a venture of self-replication, where model is an expansion of themselves-something anticipated into space, instilled with a real existence, in the expressions of Chav and Fried, composed into reality. Frieds thought can be perused as unbiased, however the phallocentric critiques of women's activist journalists, for example, Camille Paglia Hesses women's activist works can be perused with a melancholic tone of a lady aware of and seething about a sexual obligation - however they don't need to be. Paglia discovers male and female uniformity in Eastern strict conventions: societies worked around continuous flat normal rhythms, in contrast to the western male distraction with vertical peak. Hesses enthusiasm for the body is, in Paglias terms.chthonic-she asserted she needed to keep her work in the revolting zone, her work characterized by Stallybrass as all openings and emblematic rottenness physical necessities and joys of the sexual organs. So while Hesse works unknowingly asa lady, in the most common and unavoidable way discovering fondness with the messy truth of normal procedures, she doesn't really work with a plan to free ladies in any event not through the imagery she utilizes. She isn't looking for deceptive opportunity in making an option heterocosm through figure she is only communicating what is happening insi de her, composing the body. Paglias vision of the completeness of gentility is overpoweringly associated with Frieds accentuation on shape, what makes sure about the completeness of the item is the singleness of the shape. All together for a work to qualify as an artwork it must, Fried says, hold a shape. Without structure, it is experienced as an article. Pioneer artistic creations crucial to fight off allegations of objecthood, and to hold shape-character-persona. Moderate (simpleton, Conceptual) craftsmanship, then again, grasps its objecthood and strains to extend it at each chance. It isn't worried about developments or history, social setting orcategorization just with the vehement announcement of its real self;its materials; its development. Calculated workmanship, for Fried, is another kind of theater and incorporates the spectator. Be that as it may, another classification of theater, to the degree that performance center is a craftsmanship, fortifies that Fried is proclaiming theoretical workmanship in general new class of workmanship. I have picked Hesse for instance, since her work traverses a time of decades paving the way to the present, and it is essential to outline our inquiry in its authentic setting. Observing how theoretical craftsmanship has (or rather, has not) changed in nature in the course of recent years advises our judgment regarding its effect. Hesse has consistently explored different avenues regarding applied work, and Frieds hypothesis remains constant for her there is absolutely something intractably showy about this specialists design, the in-jokes, the sexual punning, the scale. There is additionally an unpreventable repeat of the void as an image. While its enticing to class all gaps as signif iers of ladylike nervousness or unsatisfaction, it may not generally be awfully useful. Hang Up, for instance, isn't so much as a genuine void canvas-its been flawlessly painted, only across the board shading. It staggers out at us with its outsider grayness, the progression of time and its monocrome effortlessness loaning it a novice shows spookiness, this is no painting. It is a common case of Frieds thought of showy figure, and a model so plainly high quality that it reviews other hand created fine arts, and by augmentation twelve other ladies craftsmen and raises the point that maybe Frieds drama hypothesis is remarkably compelling with female specialists all things considered. It absolutely assists with turning the young men club character of 60s moderation if specialty and activity conjures the ladylike and can be forced or revealed in the most astonishing spots, because of a hypothesis, at that point this hypothesis must have some an incentive as a sexual orientation leveling power. Rearranging the manner in which an article is comprehended Fried does, abstracting the importance from the item at that point returning it to it, makes gendered readings inconceivable. Singed permits fine arts to announce their own significance, yet less obscure pundits, maybe more Marxistones, for example, T.J Clarke, stayed away forever the importance to the craftsmanship object: the objecthood in itself was nothing without setting. It is these historicist workmanship pundits who consider all to be as disconnected until contextualized who accept calculated craftsmanship is the most outrageous and painful type of deliberation, and who accept

Abraham Darby and the Iron Revolution

Abraham Darby and the Iron Revolution British chaps Abraham Darbyâ (1678 - 1717) designed coke purifying in 1709 and, propelled the large scale manufacturing of metal and iron merchandise. Coke purifying supplanted charcoal with coal in metal foundries during the way toward refining metals; this was critical to Britains future since charcoal around then was getting rare and was progressively costly. Sand Casting Abraham Darby experimentally examined metal creation and had the option to make progresses in that industry that transformed Great Britain into a significant metal merchandise exporter. Darby established the universes first metallurgy research facility at his Baptist Mills Brass Works production line, where he refined metal creation. He built up the procedure of sand shaping that permitted iron and metal merchandise to be mass delivered at a lower cost for every unit. Before Abraham Darby, metal and iron products must be independently thrown. His procedure made the creation of cast iron and metal merchandise a persistent procedure. Darby got a patent for his sand throwing in 1708. More noteworthy Detail Darby joined the current innovations of throwing iron with throwing metal that delivered merchandise of a more prominent multifaceted design, slimness, perfection, and detail. This demonstrated essential to the steam motor industry that came later, Darbys throwing strategies made the creation of the iron and metal steam motors conceivable. The Darby Lineage Decedents of Abraham Darby likewise made commitments to the iron business. Darbys child Abraham Darby II (1711-1763) improved the nature of coke refined pig iron for producing into fashioned iron. Darbys grandson Abraham Darby III (1750 - 1791) built the universes first iron extension, over the Severn stream at Coalbrookdale, Shropshire in 1779.

Network Solutions vs GoDaddy Comparison 2020 Who is Best

Network Solutions vs GoDaddy Comparison 2020 Who is Best Last Updated on February 24, 2020To succeed in the fiercely competitive market today, you need to be creative and have a well-designed website. More importantly, you will require the right web hosting provider in your corner. Two of the leading hosting providers on the market today are GoDaddy and Network Solutions.Both GoDaddy and Network Solutions provide hosting plans at rates that are below the average rates offered on the Internet today. GoDaddy has made a name as the #1 registrar of domains in the world. For its part, Network Solutions hosting provider stands out for its dedicated WordPress hosting and laser-focused security. Therefore, which is the better option for you? Disclosure As an independent review site, we get compensated if you purchase through the referral links or coupon codes on this page â€" at no additional cost to you. Dismiss alert In this Network Solutions vs GoDaddy review, I have done the legwork for you and explored the two providers’ main features, pe rformance, support, user plans, and pros cons to help you answer the question: “Which is the better option for your business?”Our #1 web hosting pick:Get top rated hosting for as little as$2.64 per Month Claim your discount now! You might also like: GoDaddy review Network Solutions review Network Solutions and GoDaddy's HistoryNetwork Solutions is one of the oldest names in the history of web hosting. The company was started in 1979 by an Arkansas entrepreneur called Emmit McHenry. The headquarters were later moved to Jacksonville, Virginia.Initially, Network Solutions operated as a consulting firm before growing and becoming the leading domain name provider in 1990s. However, the near monopoly operations that Network Solutions enjoyed in the 1990s ended when domain registration was liberalized in 1997. This saw new operators such as GoDaddy join the lucrative niche.In 2011, Network Solutions was bought by Web.com, which downsized it considerably to focus on service quality. Since then, it has focused on fewer products, including web hosting, online marketing, website security, domain name registration, and website design. Its customer base has also grown to hit more than seven million across the globe. Visit Networksolutions.com Like Network Solutions, GoDaddy is an American-based, publicly traded firm. The web hosting provider was founded in 1997 by Bob Parsons, who got out of retirement to launch Jomax Technologies that later changed to the name GoDaddy.Though it was founded in Maryland, its headquarters were later moved to Scottdale, Arizona. Since its creation, GoDaddy has focused on innovation and grown steadily to reach more than 17 million customers across the globe. 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Ethnic Stereotyping Nereotyping, And Racial Stereotypes

Stereotypes Stereotypes refers to the features imposed upon individual groups which are conventional, formulaic and exaggerated regarding to their nationality, race and sexual alignment, among many others (Stuart Ewen Elizabeth Ewen; 2006). These features tend to be over simplications of the groups involved. For instance, somebody who meets some few people from a certain country and finds them to be old fashioned and quit may spread to all the people from the country in question are reserved and quiet. A simplification like this doesn’t tolerate diversity among groups and may lead in stigmatization and wrong perception of the groups if the stereotypes associated to them are largely negative (Hilton von, 1996). Even the so known as†¦show more content†¦Convincingly, white people from the loves of Gene Kelly, Fred Astaire and Madonna incline to place this precise stereotype in its appropriate viewpoint. Still, observing ones’ uncle trying to step at a wedding possibly does further to linger to fuel this stereotype than whatever else. The second stereotype example is that African Americans Are the best at Basketball. Ok, it factual that the biggest proportion of expert basketball players presently in the NBA is African-American (almost to 80%). It is also a fact that the majority of the highest college basketball curriculums also eyes a well percentage of African Americans. Though, this doesn’t mean that each woman or man of color of that descent chances to be gifted to dribble and shoot a basketball well compared to other colleagues of other races (Stuart Ewen Elizabeth Ewen; 2006). For everyone Michael Edwin, there are 25 black folks who could not knockout the side of a very big barn with a basketball. Those who are best at playing basketball, they possess an ability and not a genealogically imparted inherent marker (Hilton von, 1996). There are sufficient of noble basketball performers of other cultures – both skillfully and on university level. However, this specific stereotype is a nice way of getting nominated for a pick-up game at the resident ball court if many of the

Growing For Broke - 2441 Words

Stephen Kim MGMT 430 Growing for Broke Case Write Up A. Executive Summary: Paragon Tools is having a difficult time deciding if the company should acquire MonitoRobotics or completely remove the service area from the company. The company was facing foreign competition. So they decided to launch a number of different initiatives that were designed to spur revenue growth, which gave aggressive pricing and sales to increase with more share in the core market. Those tactics drove out most of the new foreign markets. The decision of acquiring MonitoRobotics was in between half from favoring and half declining. The reason was the amount of funds it will take to overhaul the culture and capabilities. Potential seems promising with huge†¦show more content†¦5. Time to Market – How long will it take to market new services? 6. Competitor Response – Will competitors prove an aggressive response that could danger Paragon’s future success? 7. Community Response – How will the community accept acquiring MonitoRobotics? F. Alternatives: Two major proposed solutions were described in the case. First option is to acquire monitoRobotics and offer instant service with the existing and new products. The second option is to eliminate the service industry from the company as a whole. Nikolas argues that this would hurt the company’s reputation in brand image Paragon Tool’s has created. He recommends acquiring MonitoRobotics as soon as possible due to close competitions acquiring about the same company. A third solution can also be just leaving everything the same and running the company as it is currently. 1. Acquiring MonitoRobotics Pros: Acquiring MonitoRobotics will offer instant services which will generate a positive cash flow in the long term Customers can now enjoy both high quality products with quality after services Will stay ahead of competition Cons: Could damage the brand image if service department fails Decrease margins and profits in short term due to cost Competition might create alternative Decreased margins to possibly a negative figure 2. Eliminating the Service part of company Pros: Focus on productShow MoreRelatedGrowing for Broke753 Words   |  4 Pagesshort term investments for long term goals. The profit margins had slipped and his colleagues became skeptical.Inspite of the year on year drop in earnings, Nicholas wanted to acquire MonitoRobotics to give Paragon a powerful presence in the fast growing business. Paragons service division accounted for less than 10% of the revenue. 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Urbanization Of Ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt And The Indus...

Urbanization can be defined as a rapid shift in population of a group living in a specific area. This typically happens when the society decides that it is more advantageous to settle, rather than migrate. Throughout ancient history, we have seen various groups of civilization to adept different forms of urbanization near river valleys. These cities include the regions near Mesopotamia, Egypt and the Indus valley. Even though their lifestyle might have revolved the valley as a main source of development, their cultures and beliefs differed greatly from each other. Through the archeological discoveries, we can infer some details into the lives of the people who originated in the cities of Mesopotamia. The root word of Mesopotamia refers to ‘between rivers’, this infers to the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, figure 1. Because the environment influenced people to settle, we can see a change in their political, social, and economic structure as they begin to form a complex society. This is the period where we see a complex engineering system as people started to develop canals and other technologies for a more efficient agricultural development. An early culture to settle in the lowlands of Mesopotamia were the Hassuna culture, their civilization were characterized by â€Å"small settlements with a few hundred inhabitants, who lived in rectangular houses with several rooms† (Feuerbach, 2015). Another culture to settle in this area were the Samarran culture; evenShow MoreRelatedMesopotamia, Egypt, and Indus Valley Essay813 Words   |  4 Pagesfascinating developments, the most prominent being the first civilizations, Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. They had many similarities, such as characteristics of early civilizations and social structures, but they also had their differences. 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It is as if the value of South Asia resides only in its ancient contributions to human knowledge whereas its pathetic attempts to modernize or develop are to be winked at and patronized.[21] Rosser conducted numerous interviews and summarized the comments. The study reports a stark contrast between Western perceptions

Bartleby

Bartleby- The Scrivener Essay In Herman Melvilles Bartleby the Scrivener, the author uses several themes to convey his ideas. The three most important themes are alienation, mans desire to have a free conscience, and mans desire to avoid conflict. Melville uses the actions of an eccentric scrivener named Bartleby, and the responses of his cohorts, to show these underlying themes to the reader. The first theme, alienation, is displayed best by Bartlebys actions. He has a divider put up so that the other scriveners cannot see him, while all of them have desks out in the open so they are full view of each other, as well as the narrator. This caused discourse with all of the others in the office. This is proven when Turkey exclaims, I think Ill just step behind his screen and black his eyes for him.p.2411 The other scriveners also felt alienated by the actions of the narrator. His lack of resolve when dealing with Bartleby angered them because they knew that if they would have taken the same actions, they would have been dismissed much more rapidly. The narrator admits to this when he said, With any other man I should have flown outright into a dreadful passion, scorned all further words, and thrust him ignominiously from my presence. 2409 The next theme is mans desire to avoid conflict. The narrator avoids conflict on several occasions. The first time Bartleby refused to proofread a paper, the narrator simply had someone else do it instead of confronting him and resolving the issue right then. By ignoring the problem, he left the door open for more disobedience. As expected, Bartleby continued to refuse to proofread and the narrator eventually gave up on asking him to do it. The narrator went to great lengths to avoid a confrontation. When Bartleby refused to leave the office after being fired, the narrator chose to move his office to a different location instead of removing the eccentric man by force. The narrator informs the reader of this idea when he says, No more then. Since he will not quit me, I must quit him. I will change my offices. 2422 By doing so, the narrator displays just how far man is sometimes willing to go to avoid conflict. The final theme is mans desire to have a free conscience. Melville reveals this theme through the actions of the narrator as well as the new tenants of the office. The narrator attempts to appease his conscience by giving Bartleby money above his wages when he fired him. The new tenants of the office try to put the responsibility of dealing with Bartleby back on the narrator, but they are denied and eventually have the man removed from the premises by law officers. Herman Melville uses the actions and reactions of the characters in Bartleby the Scrivener to disclose three important themes, alienation, mans desire to avoid conflict, and mans desire to keep a free conscience. In doing so, he gives us an  inside look into the workings of the human mind. The reader is left with the impression that all people, including lawyers, have compassion for other humans, and at some point, that compassion will show through.

Dongiovanni Opera In Modern Times Essays - Operas, Don Giovanni

Dongiovanni Opera In Modern Times Music has the capability to bring forth many emotions and feelings in a person. Depending on the tone and the melody of the music, emotions such as anger, joy, and grief may arise. For example, rap music, in general, brings forth emotions such as anger, frustration, and rage to a person's mind. Melodies such as Celine Dion's My Heart Will Go On and Aerosmith's I Don't Want To Miss A Thing often arouse emotions of love, sadness, and hope; lovey-dovey feelings which remind a person of a past or current love. In Mozart's Opera Don Giovanni, many emotions and feelings, such as hatred, distress, and sorrow are portrayed and felt through the characters. Opera is a unique genre of spoken word and song accompanied by music. The music takes one through ascending and descending ranges of emotions. Mozart's Don Giovanni is a perfect example of how this genre emits a wide variety of feelings and attitudes. This dark comedy seems to convey Mozart's feeling that events have both comical and serious dimensions? (Kerman, 205). The opera, as a whole, is neither exclusively comedic nor entirely tragic. The character I have chosen to focus on specifically is Donna Elvira. Her character is one that portrays many different roles and expresses many different feelings and emotions. Elvira's main purpose as a character is the role of the avenger, seeking revenge upon Don Giovanni for his false promises and promiscuous manner. However, as much as she wants to hate Don Giovanni, ruin his name, and make sure that everyone knows that he is a liar and a player, one also senses reluctance and fear in not just her voice, but also through the music which accompanies her. Her tone is often shaken and at times seems to portray her want for sympathy. One finds themselves feeling sorry for this character and sympathizes with what she has gone through due to Don Giovanni. Although her words are brash and unkind (regardless of how just she is in her accusations), the music carries a distinctive rhythm that provokes the feeling of sorrow and pain; thus one finds oneself feeling sympathy for Elvira. The character of Elvira makes a clear distinction between her sorrow, and her anger. In Act I when Elvira is first introduced as a character, she sings of wanting to kill Don Giovanni because he had lied to her. Falsely promising her his hand in marriage, this only leads to heartache and distress for Elvira because she truly believed that he loved her. Leporello described it, in the Peter Sellars' updated version of Don Giovanni, as a bad soap opera. Elvira expresses her pain and suffering in these few lines: Ah, who can tell me where that wretch has gone? I loved him, to my shame, and he broke his faith to me. If I find him again, and he tries to escape, I'll make a horrible scandal; I'll tear his heart from his breast! (Act I, 143). During this scene, Elvira vows to kill Don Giovanni for causing her this grief. She states that the scoundrel (Don Giovanni) has deceived and betrayed (Act I, 145) her! She was powerless to his love and gained nothing in return except pain and anguish. One can hear the mixed tone of Elvira's voice; it is strong and full of fury, yet weak and almost tearful. To accompany her words, Mozart has added a unique blend of classical music, which he mixes to create an opera buff. The music in this specific scene is slightly fast-paced, yet its tone is one of soft melody. This combination, as I see it, serves the purpose of allowing an audience to understand Elvira's rage and pain, and therefore, becomes compassionate and sympathetic to what the character is feeling emotionally. The swift-like pace of the music which accompanies Elvira's words reveals her anger and furry towards Don Giovanni. Most rapidly paced music often has the result of whipping people into an emotional, and sometimes physical, frenzy. Examine Eminem's rap music: his spitfire words and rapid rhythm get listeners emotionally riled up (mostly geared towards anger and rage). Mozart purposely makes the rhythm of music in this scene upbeat because he wants the audience to

The Line-Item Veto essays

The Line-Item Veto essays The line item veto came into effect January 1st, 1997 after being passed in an overwhelmingly Republican House, and the Senate, (with many objections by Senator Robert Byrd). However, the republican bill did not live for long, although it took a very long time to pass it, it was struck down in 1998 by a Supreme Court ruling. Although it was declared unconstitutional, President Bush still asks for it to this day, and it is likely that many more Republican presidents will. The implications of the bill, and the reasons around its end, form an ongoing challenge between Republican and Democratic views of the presidential power of the veto. The basics around the Line Item Veto stand as thus; its short lived glory under the administration of Clinton was an effective aid to his policy, as he made use of it 82 times in the one year that it lasted. Also it was a powerful tool in ridding the policy of federal expenses that only existed on bills to attract interest groups. Of course this anger ed Democrats, and so they thought, if outlawed, then bills that were mostly liked by presidents would still pass with the little lobbying amendments. As the Line Item Veto did not last long, there is not much history or usages of it to be described, such as many other bills that created famous cases. However, it is a bill that has been desired by many past presidents, predominantly Republicans, and so it is likely that in them, the legacy and desire for the Line Item Veto will go on. In history every president since Abraham Lincoln has asked for the power of the line item veto. It has been coveted mostly by the big time Republicans such as Reagan and Bush Senior. Despite the constant requests from almost every president, it was not passed until 1997, making Clinton the first president to ever have the power already given to forty-three governors, the power of the line item veto. The conservatives placed the line item veto on the policy agenda in an atte...

Dialect and Venacular Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dialect and Venacular - Term Paper Example It cannot be denied that dialect influences phonological awareness. Divergent speakers end up bypassing certain phonemes. In a study conducted by Rebecca Treiman (2004) it was established that due to this bypass, divergent speakers were more likely to spell words wrong. The study tries to find the truth in the statement whereby some phonological experts opine that spelling and reading development is affected mostly by phonology. It is how people speak that they read and/or write. The result of Treiman’s study (2004), which involved African Americans, who spoke African American Vernacular English (AAVE) as well as SAE speakers, both as participants and experimenters, showed that AAVE speakers were more likely to spell words based on how they spoke them, whereas SAE speakers made spelling errors when the experimenter calling out the words to be spelled was an AAVE speaker. Treiman (2004) attributes this as one of the contributing factors to the lag seen in the literacy skills of African Americans. Interestingly enough, there is a positive influence of dialect on phonological awareness as well. People used to, or growing up with, vernacular differing from SAE are actually more phonologically aware than those who only use SAE. Those speaking dialects are often in minority and have to learn the â€Å"standard† way of speech as well, or at least be able to understand it orally. For this reason, divergent speakers often have fine-tuned phonological awareness, as they are much more conscious of the differences of phonetics between their own vernacular and the standard speech. This hypothesis was also put forward by Sligh and Conners’ 2003 study, in which they stated that it could be possible that divergent speakers developed â€Å"good phonological processing skills, due to their experience with two dialects in which there are phonological differences† (p. 222). There needs to be more research done with this regard, however. It is often take n to be a fact that vernacular and speech have a direct relationship with reading skills. Children who come from a background where Standard American English (or SAE, as Sligh and Conners term it in their 2003 study) is not used, instead being replaced by a dialect, are often expected to give low results with regard to their reading skills. It is thought that as their vernacular does not allow them to use SAE, they will not be able to learn to read it either. Perhaps this has got more to do with prejudice than reality. As Goodman and Buck opine (1997), often teachers confuse language difference with language deficiency, thus undermining the divergent speakers’ ability to learn to read normally, like those other than him, as well as hampering their self-confidence. There is a â€Å"linguistic discrimination† (Goodman & Buck, 1997, p. 455), which can be, and often is, the cause of low reading skills and reading impairment in divergent speakers. This attitude often is res ponsible for a vicious cycle in which the teacher, unintentionally, lowers the linguistic self-confidence of the divergent reader, causing him or her to be hesitant in learning, and because of this hesitancy the basic false assumption of the teacher seems to be validated in the teacher’s eyes, i.e. the divergent speaker has reading difficulties. Though vernacular does have an impact on reading skills (as well as writing

Needs for a Domestic Vacuum Cleaner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Needs for a Domestic Vacuum Cleaner - Essay Example The Dyson DC08T is a hypoallergenic cylinder vacuum cleaner, and comes with a "lose no suction power" claims from the manufacturer. It Employs a Bagless Dust Collector, and is free-standing. In appearance, it’s cute, compact and small. The bright colorful exteriors are attractive, and the cleaner has easily maneuverable buttons. The hose pipe can be wrapped around the cleaner and hence facilitates easy storage. With a maximum volume of the dust collector of 2 Litres, it is capable of working for an extended period of time without the need to clean and restart. The cleaner however is not capable of working on a remote control mode, and also does not have the capacity to multi-function. It comes with a Telescopic wand and a turbo head for deep cleaning or using on pet hair. Before proceeding to report the actual exercise, it is appropriate to elaborate upon the layout of the cleaning area. The cleaning will be undertaken in my two-bedrooms, that have hard floors and furniture like, bed, dresser and an armchair. It will also include the living room, that too has hard floor, a Belgium carpet, and an assortment of rugs. The furniture in this room includes a fabric-furnished sofa set, a glass-topped center table, two wooden side tables, and an array of artifacts that include small sized statutes, terracotta vases, and several other similar displays. The hall houses dining table and chairs, and a couple of lounge chairs.

Social Normalities and Voicing of Opposition Essay Example for Free

Social Normalities and Voicing of Opposition Essay Brian Crane Throughout history, social norms have dictated the opinions of all members of society to a certain extent. Expressing disapproval of these social norms is a difficult and ambitious task, seeing as one challenging a social norm is essentially disputing, in addition to often disproving, the reasoning and opinions of the majority of any given culture. Take, for example, the ending of ones own life under the circumstances of terminal illness. Now, our basic and most common cultural view on the subject is that suicide is not a natural death and therefore a violation of nature regardless of nes physical condition. However, it is nature itself that has given us as humans the intellect to contemplate such a decision. If nature has enabled us to develop the intellectual ability to contemplate suicide, then one could argue that choosing to end ones life is in fact a natural death simply because nature has allowed us to examine the pros and cons of life or death. However, this is not to say that suicide based on emotional imbalance is in any way Just or morally acceptable. Mental illnesses, which often bring about suicidal deation, can be treated, therefore ridding one of all motivation to end their own life. Generally, those who suffer from mental illnesses cannot be held accountable for their own life because the affective disorder inhibits them from perceiving reality the way they once did. So, the argument that the time of our death should not be a decision we as humans can morally make is somewhat valid although very misguided. It is wrong to look down upon terminally ill people who choose suicide as their cause of death. The many different circumstances leading up to ones death akes this topic too complex for one to claim that choosing life over death is morally applicable and correct in every situation that involves the contemplation of suicide. John West discusses his fathers decision to end his life before enduring the pain, suffering, and eventual death caused by cancer in an excerpt from The Last Goodnights: Assisting My Parents with Their Suicides. Judging from this excerpt, West and his father seem to be very well rounded, cultured individuals in addition to being extremely open minded and emotionally balanced. Wests father was a very mportant fgure in the world of psychiatry. His knowledge on the topic of suicide is obviously very extensive. Their opinions and examinations of this topic are indeed equally as rational as they themselves are as people. Dealing with the death of a parent is hard enough emotionally as it is, but the fact that West is grounded enough to grapple with the complexity and sorrow of assisted suicide is a testament to his extreme emotional maturity. He sheds light on a crucial point in support of his fathers decision as he asks the reader, Should Jolly [my father] have been forced to endure a few more days or eeks of agony Just to satisfy some peoples notions that death should be natural? (33 West) If one were to explore the possible answers to the question West asks above, without an impartial view based on societal influences, it is undeniable that one would agree with the opinion that such a great deal of suffering is not necessary to tultill the requirements ot a morally sound death In tact, it is arguable that Wests decision to assist his father with his suicide and in-turn spare him from such a great deal of pain is actually a more compassionate choice in comparison to xposing him to months of unimaginable pain by denying his fathers request. Again, West implies that suicide is not a natural death. A supplemental argument to his case is missing. If one were to argue that suicide and natural death cannot possibly go hand in hand, then why has nature allowed our intellect to excel to a point at which suicide is even a possible conception for the human race? Later on in the excerpt, West reflects on his memory of when his father asked him to commit assisted suicide. He recalls: I sat up in my chair. I suddenly felt hot and cold at the same time, as I realized hat he meant. But as powerfully as his words registered, the idea behind them didnt seem strange at all. It made sense. He was about to die anyway, so why linger in pain? I knew Id want to do the same thing if I were in his position. (34 West) Jollys contemplation of suicide is undoubtedly a common one of people with analogous situations to his own. Most would find it hard to believe that this wouldnt cross the mind of a person with a terminal illness that would soon lead to unimaginable pain and suffering, followed by death. If exploration of suicide is in act a common happening, why is it that the practice of suicide to avoid agony followed by death is not more common as well? It seems as though the answer to this question is quite simple; It is socially unacceptable to commit such an act solely because it is abnormal. Because abnormality is not a sensible or rational reason not to do something, making the argument that suicide is not a morally righteous death is in-turn irrational and insensible as well. Another challenger of social norms is Catherine Newman, author of I Do. Not. : Why I Wont Marry. Although Newman discusses a very different topic than West does in his short story, the two subjects are very closely related. Newman is a successful writer with a little too much insight on the role of women in society, and the flaws of this role, to happily accept monogamy and more importantly marriage. She breaks down the history of marriage and its original role in society. Marriage represents a very evil concept that very few are even aware of. Newman describes it is as such: marriage is about handing the woman off, like a baton, from her father to her husband. Also known as traffic in women, this is how men have historically solidified their economic connections to other men and guaranteed the continuation of their Seed. (Newman 61) Women were more like bargaining chips for men than soulmates. Marriage is the legal bonding of two families, which doesnt sound very romantic as marriage is made out to be. Although women are no longer owned by their husbands, this ritual is still quite demeaning. Many women experience some feelings of inferiority and in-turn feelings of resentment towards men due to the heavy influence of the media and its bjectification of women. Newman seems to be a prime example of this. Her additional education on the history of the subject has given her an even greater grasp of the hardships of women in our contemporary society which are overlooked more often than not by the general population. Voicing out against the social norm of marriage is extremely commendable and in addition, a betterment of the mentality ot those who are exposed to the underlying implications ot such an act through ner courageous writing. It seems as though many social norms have become so routine to follow and abide y that we rarely ponder the ideas behind them.

Should We All Move To Moorsetown? :: essays research papers

Should We All Move To Moorsetown?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Why do people choose to live where they do? With a country as big and diverse as the United States is it possible that most people can agree on the best place to live? Money Magazine and CNN/Money (2005) just published their Best Places to Live 2005 study. According to Money, Moorsetown, New Jersey is the best place to live in the whole country. Money says Moorestown has, â€Å"a Main Street made for the cover of the Saturday Evening Post†. Moorestown also has, â€Å"Top schools†, â€Å"Good Jobs† and â€Å"Nice homes at reasonable prices†. Moorestown sounds like a great place to live but, would everyone put it at the top of there list?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Money started their survey with 40,000 places (not necessarily official cities or towns) across the United States. Money based their survey on data collected from the US Census Board, the Bureau of Labor, the IRS, and other sources. Money only considered places with more than 14,000 people, above-median household income, and population growth and real estate appreciation over the past 5 years. These filters narrowed their list to 1,231 places. Money then rated each place based on criteria in eight areas. These areas were: affordable housing; plentiful leisure activities; plentiful cultural options; low pollution; low crime rate; low auto insurance; short commute time; and access to quality health care. The Money study also focused on areas considered most important for people raising families. Money gave economic, education, and safety factors twice the weight they gave to other social and leisure factors. Finally, Money visited the top places and interviewed resi dents to make the final ranking.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The issue of the â€Å"best place to live† caught my attention because the town where I live, Tolland, Connecticut, was ranked 29th on the Money Magazine list. The town proudly displays this recognition on their Home Page. Tolland is 29th in the Top 100 Best Places to Live in the U.S. (Town of Tolland, n.d.).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The local weekly newspaper (Ciparelli, 2005) wrote a front page story about the honor of Tolland being 29th on the list. Tolland is a small town in north-eastern Connecticut about 25 miles from Hartford, 75 miles from Boston, and 120 miles from New York City. Tolland has a population of about 15,000 people spread over 40 square miles. Why did Tolland make the list? According to Ciparelli, Tolland scored well in several key criteria used by Money Magazine.

Communicators of the Sea Essay

Dolphins are common creatures at rivers and seas. Majority of small toothed whales are dolphins. Dolphins are large sea animals making it part of the cetaceans, where whales and porpoises belong (Stoops, 1996). Dolphins belong to family Plantanistidae and Delphinidae, respectively. Often, people used dolphins and porpoises interchangeably denoting same species but porpoises in particuclar and dolphins are different species. Porpoises belong to family Phocaenidae; it has a rounded snout and chisel-liked teeth. While dolphins are under family Plantanistidae and Delphinidae, instead of a rounded snout, dolphins have beak like snout and sharp, conical teeth (http://www. dolphinlovers. com/facts. php) Fig. 1 Comparison between the snout of a porpoise and a dolphin Dolphins are outgoing creatures; often they are mingling in a group with two to fifteen animal members or more. Most of their communities are dominated by females, its offspring, sisters and other females. Subadult male dolphins will leave these female-dominated communities to start a group of â€Å"bachelor† dolphins; if these dolphins become sexually mature, they can move in the female groups for copulation. These mammals are very playful. They are often spotted riding the bow wave or stern wake of boats and â€Å"surfing† on waves. Chasing and tossing things to one another is one of their favorite plays. If seen jumping or breaching, it indicates enthusiasm for these creatures. Play is important for dolphins for learning and as well as to practice their skills necessary for their life’s survival (Geocities. com, 2006). Communication among marine animals, dolphins in particular are extensive and complex. The current paper focuses on these creatures’ characteristics, particularly their capability to engage in echolocation. Dolphins can see their environment like that of an X-ray machine and thereby transmitting this x-ray like images to other dolphins. If sight is very crucial for land animals, dolphins use a sound â€Å"seeing† system called echolocation. Echolocation is a sensory sonar system used by dolphins for communication purposes and for locating things in their environment. Through the sound waves released and listened to – size, shape distance speed direction and internal structure of an object is determined. This sound seeing system provides information such as water depth and the position of food and rocks making it effortless for them to catch their prey. (http://www. botany. uwc. ac. za/Envfacts/facts/dolphins. htm, 2007). Scope The paper begins with an introduction about the dolphin, and their general characteristics as sea creatures. This is followed by a discussion of their general physiology, including their skin, fin, swimming speed, breathing, and body temperature. The dolphin family is then discussed, with its 33 species – with 5 river species and 6 porpoise species. Of these, the most popular is said to be the bottlenose dolphin which are found in theme parks and are featured in television programs. The next focus would be on the dolphin’s brainpower, speficically in their capacity to make tunes among themselves with a wide range of sounds. Their distinctive communication patterns are likewise expounded on. The paper concludes with a call for concern and protection from humans, who are supposed to be stewards of these creatures. Overview With regards to its general physiology, dolphins have rubbery skin. They are classified as mammals and have the capacity of maintaining high body temperature. They can hold their breath for several minutes making it easy for them to have rapid and deep dives of more then 300 m (1,000 ft). To date, there are more than 33 different species of dolphins, over 5 different species of river dolphins and more than 6 different species of porpoises. Though there are many species of dolphins, the most popular are bottlenose dolphins which are frequently featured in television and theme parks. Perhaps their greatest strength is their ability to communicate with one another or to echolocate. This is the counterpart of language among humans. Dolphins create whistles and sounds signifying an action for which another dolphin can understand, it can signal danger for their kind hence they should be alert or a prey is near at hand thus, everybody must prepare; depending on the whistle produced. They can make signature whistles that carry distinct information. Considering the cognitive abilities of bottlenose dolphins, their vocal learning and copying skills, and their fission–fusion social structure, their communication process can be further studied to provide evidences about their â€Å"dolphin messages and echoes. † Humans have the responsibility of taking care of these creatures, acting as their stewards to prevent them from extinction. General Physiology of a Dolphin A dolphin’s body is smooth having a rubbery-feel of its hairless skin when touched. The skeletal remnants of five digits in the front appendage form the flippers mainly acting as its balancer during its swim. The rear appendages are almost absent because the small pelvic bones are deep-rooted in the connective tissue at the base of the tail (Dolphin Lovers. com, 2006). The subcutaneous dermal tissue of the dolphin forms its immovable dorsal fin; its tail fin is also dermal in its origin. Its movement is similar with the whales wherein the major force comes from its vertical oscillations of the tail and flukes making it capable to swim at a speed of 37-40 km/h, and in some events, its swimming speed reaches up to 48 km/h. Dolphins seem restless in traveling the rivers but in reality, it rides the bow wave by making use of the ship’s trust (Stoops, 1996) Dolphins are mammals, hence breathing and maintaining high body temperature is vital. Dolphins maintain its internal temperature at 36. 5 deg to 37. 2 deg C (97. 9 deg to 99 deg F), with its thick layer of dense fat (blubber) under the skin. At the top of its head, a single nostril or blowhole is placed where it acts as its lungs. Dolphins breathe air at the surface every two minutes consisting of brief unpredictable exhalation followed by a longer inhalation. Dolphins are capable to hold their breath for several minutes making it easy for them to have rapid and deep dives of more then 300 m (1,000 ft) (Dolphin Lovers. com, 2006). Their swimming capabilities attribute to its powerful tail and the special function of its skin. Due to their streamlined body contour enabling them to have rapid movements and deep dives in the sea like most marine animals. Fig. 2 General physiology of a dolphin The Dolphin Family There are more than 33 different species of dolphins, over 5 different species of river dolphins and more than 6 different species of porpoises (Geocities. com, 2006). Fig. 3 Some Species of the Dolphin Family Though there are many species mentioned, bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are the most familiar species. It gained popularity because it has been a mainstay of TV programs. Also, people have the chance to meet and greet bottle nose dolphins at ocean-theme parks. The biggest dolphin specie is the one seen in the movie â€Å"Free Willly†; Orca (Orcinus orca) or the killer whale where the males can grow up to 9. 6 meters http://www. dolphinear. com/data/dolphin_species. htm Fig. 4. Picture of Orca and the Bottlenose Dolphin Dolphin’s Brainpower Greco and Gini (2005) say that dolphins are capable of making tunes among themselves with a wide range of sounds. Dolphins show evidence that their intelligence is greater than that of dogs. Dolphins learn easily and execute complicated tasks, continuous communications with one another, and their ability to mimic the sounds of human language if they are given ample time to be trained. Toothed whales have exceptionally large brains including the famously bright dolphins that have capabilities previously only attributed to humans and apes. Cetaceans (dolphins, whales and porpoises) and its ancestors acquired changes specifically in their brain through evolution. One of the reliable evidence to support this claim is by measuring the level of encephalization of a species or a taxonomic group. EQ is the measure of observed brain size relative to expected brain size derived from a regression of brain weight on body weight for a sample of species. EQ measures how much larger or smaller a species’ total brain size is from what is expected based on brain-body allometry (Greco et. al, 2003). Dolphins and humans share many common attributes. Both creatures are mammals wherein the young are born alive and not hatched from eggs. Air is important for both organisms since it sustains their breathing; the only difference is that dolphins must come up to the surface to breathe in its blowhole on the top of its head and when it dives, the blowhole closes unlike humans that continuously breathe air in its respiratory system. Wang (1995) asserts that aside from being mammals, communication is one the major attributes keeping these two organisms at par with one another. Humans are capable of language and speeches denoting an idea or message for a particular person while dolphins create whistles and sounds signifying an action for which another dolphin can understand, it can signal danger for their kind hence they should be alert or a prey is near at hand thus, everybody must prepare; depending on the whistle produced. Fig. 5 Illustration of the brain size of (a) archaeocete, Cetacean’s ancestor (b) dolphin Distinctive Communication of Dolphins The capabilities of different organisms are astounding particularly in identifying objects from a far. The association between object characteristics such as visual shape, and sensory characteristics like retinal projection, is unclear. The processes on how these characteristics work hand-in-hand remains imprecise. Dolphins communicate by making two types of sounds: vocalizations and echolocation are the two sounds produced by dolphins for communication. Vocalizations are the squeaking sounds from the blowhole that is often heard by humans which is used by dolphins to communicate. Echolocation also called sonar, is a distinctive ability of dolphins to locate and discern objects down under (Janik, 2000). A dolphin releases a particular sound and listens for the echo allowing dolphins to travel under dark waters without bumping or hitting into anything. As much as 1,200 clicks/ sound can be produced in a second and can be transmitted in advance These clicks are from the rounded forehead of the dolphin, melon; along with its lower jaw filled with jelly-like substances for sound waves amplification. When a dolphin swims, the head is moved back and forth to skim through its surroundings, while the echoes are send out to bounce off objects aiming at the lower jawbone, returning sound waves to the inner ear, and this whole process occur rapidly, similarly to how fast a human brain decodes if the individual accidentally touches a hot object. The pitch of the returning echo and the time it takes to get there is important so the dolphin can determine the shape, size, speed, texture, and density of the object; even inside of an object, almost like an X-ray (McCowan, 2001). Echolocation is not solely for communicative processes; it also serves the purpose of locating preys, other dolphins, predators, a lost baby or a sick dolphin. Through echolocation, it allows dolphin to explore its water world wherein sight is of little use. Also, echolocation entails fast analysis of the sound being heard as to what message is conveyed by the dolphin who send the sound (http://www. dolphins-and-more. com/dolphins-echolocation. html) If a dolphin makes a sound, the sound bounces off into objects and creatures then it bounces back in the dolphin’s direction who is going to receive the sound and the information given by it when its sonar receives it. The dolphin’s brain comprehends the message obtained, hence the dolphin will respond accordingly to the message. Echolocation provides vibrations, their frequency, the level of energy, the distance and if the object is moving or not is very important. With these factors interacting, it creates varied â€Å"dolphin messages† (Tyack, 2000). Echolocating dolphins serve as models for object recognition sonar systems. The association between echo characteristics and object characteristics was given emphasis. A dolphin may keep ‘sound templates’ in its brain and be able to recognize whole objects through listening for a particular sound. A dolphin’s brain may contain algorithms, resulting through natural endowments or experience or both, allowing it to identify object characteristics based on sounds (Wells et. al, 1987). Bottlenose dolphins are capabe of producing low frequency sounds ranging between 0. 25 to 150 kHz. Higher frequencies range make up echolocation; low frequencies sounds which is produced often are for social interaction, these low frequency signals can travel greater distance compared to that of higher as the signals travel much further distances. These frequency ranges are correlated with the amplitude obtained from studies of dolphins (Hoelzel, 2002). Click sounds are usually 40-70 microseconds, though short, these clicks are loud reaching around 220 decibels. Click trains are the sound sproduced by dolphins. It is consist of hundred or throusand of clicks per second which are high in frequency. High frequencies don’t travel as far as low frequencies, these high frequencies with very short wavelengths permit dolphins to echolocate on small objects and scrutinize the detail of an object. High frquency and the fine details of an objetc are directly proportional as such the higher frequecy produced, it would allow the dolphins to further examine the object at hand; also, it allows them to track their prey faster(www. dolphinpod. com). The localizing system ability of the dolphin Tursiops truncatus in discerning the characteristics of an object moving in radial motion was studied. The thresholds of the animals’ threshold sensitivity at its target were given focus. The speed and acceleration were measured respectively (2. 6 cm/sec) (0. 6 cm/sec2). For a target moving at a constant speed, dolphins used probe signals made of two impulses. If targets are said to be accelerating, impulses composed of three signals are used. These methods are proven effective for technical methods concerning hydrolocation and radiolocation. hydrolocation and radiolocation (Zhukovski et. al. , 2004). The dolphin’s wave production and sound is inversely proportional; for every wave production, the sound decreases by only 4  µ sec/decibel (dB). Low-frequency clicks (6-kHz peak power) are equivalent with three times increase far-reaching 12  µ sec/dB. The dolphin brainstem is capable of tracking individual click/ 6oo seconds. The latency and amplitude are inversely proportional (as latency is increasing, amplitude decreases) with increasing click rates. This proportionality may vary depending on the wave production of dolphins. The dolphin’s brain is capable of processing short frequent clicks. The wave production in correlation with latency and frequency as well as click production can further test the sonar signal processing of dolphins (Ridgway, 1981). The echolocation process – sending out clicks and listening to the click echoes – is what produces a kind of mental image of the object that a dolphin is investigating with clicks. We know that the changes in the structure of the click echoes are what a dolphin uses to form this mental image, although it is still an unsolved mystery exactly how they manage to accomplish it. This echolocation ‘image’ is unlikely to be something that a human being could imagine simply because people can’t echolocate. But, this â€Å"mental image† is currently the best analogy we’ve got. Scientists have learned from experiments with dolphin echolocation that their acoustic image is quite detailed, and allows a dolphin to do some pretty amazing things Real targets are used to study dolphin echolocation. Classifying the echo parameters is very difficult due to various factors affecting such as physical dimensions and the reflection characteristic of real targets. Dolphin echolocation sounds are transformed into artificial echoes, which are played back to the animal. The phantom echo system, a digital sound processing is used to make echo analysis easier. Echoes of several underwater targets were simulated to evaluate the quality of the method (Aubauer and Whitlow, 1998). In bats and technological sonars, the gain of the receiver is increased with time after the transmission of a signal to balance off for the lost acoustic circulation. The current understanding of dolphin echolocation reveals that automatic gain control is not a part of dolphin’s sonar system (Tyack, 2000). Field measurements of free-ranging echolocating dolphins were tested and the results showed that dolphins do have automatic gain control mechanism which is put into practice during transmission phase rather than the receiving phase of a sonar cycle. The amplitude of the dolphins’ echolocation signals are highly range dependent; this amplitude increases as the target increases, R, in a 20 log(R) fashion to compensate for propagation loss. If a school of fishes, with plenty of sound distributors would be the echolocation target, the echoes from the school will be nearly constant with range as the dolphin closes in on it. This characteristic has similar effect as time-varying gain in bats and technological sonar when considered from a sonar system perspective (Wells et. al, 1987). Echolocation – or biosonar is an auditory imaging system used by various species for navigation and for tracking their prey in their vicinity particularly that their eyesight is incapble of helping them. Emission of vocalizations by the echolocating animal are emitted, detecting the echoes of those sounds and uses them to produce three-dimensional information about the environment. Also, these sounds help dolphins to be aware of their environment, preparing for an enemy attack (www. dolphinpod. com). Toothed whales, small mammals such as rats and shrews uses echolocation. These organisms comprehend their environment via the interpretation of acoustic reflections. In other words, echolocation is not just an ordianry auditory scene analysis, itrequires specialized neural mechanisms and complex computations for the oragnism to be able to understand the message given by the sender and to intrepret it corretly by the receiver. The neural circuitry underlying echolocation allows for the perceptual organization of auditory information, which guides complex spatially-guided behaviours. (www. seaworld. org). Whistles, buzzes, qucks and pops are the sounds produced by dolphins associated with travelling, socializing and feeding. Specific sounds are produced for a specific behavior which is also associated with changed in season. Pops are signifies feeding; quacks are for socialization; buzzes are for travelling purposes. During summer, dolphins are busy socializing with other dolphins and travelling for food hunt while during fall, dolphins are preparing for migration (Jacobs et. al, 2003). Smolker and Pepper (1999) state that dolphins are eager to learn new vocalizations (whistles) throughout life. Over a 4 yr study period, three male bottlenose dolphins are subjected to form an alliance, to herd female dolphins. Among individuals, whistle sounds produce are varied. The distinctiveness of individual repertoires decreased, the sounds produced by the three bottlenose dolphins became indistinguishable, because some whistles were shared among each other. By the end of the study, the three bottlenose dolphins had a common whistling sound which was never heard before the alliance was started. The frequency modulation pattern of the signature whistles of each dolphin contains sufficient information for specificity but the information received is used by the receiver to identify individuals. Dolphins do not have individual voice features but the sound production is greatly affected by changing water pressure (Janik, 1999), make voice recognition underwater more complex than that in the air. Also, the pitch and the time travel of the whistle or the sonar produced is also affected. Animals identify each other’s whistles individually rather than just purely differentiating them. Recognition means perceiving something to be similar with an idea or learning that is previously known. Bottlenose dolphins identify themselves with a signature whistle. However, scientists have found no evidence of a dolphin language. A mother dolphin may whistle to her calf almost continuously for several days after giving birth. This acoustic imprinting helps the calf learn to identify its mother (Caldwell, Caldwell, and Tyack, 1990). Discrimination can also be used but it does not need previous learning from comparison purposes. The animals differentiate stimuli among them because animals are biased for one class of stimuli. The biases are mainly family based on a preference for an underlying feature in the modulation pattern used by related individuals. The other explanation is that the animals recognize the preferred stimulus individually particularly if the stimuli was encountered before clarifying previous confusion around the role or even existence of signature whistles (Janik, 1999,Tyack, 2000 and McCowan, 2001). Dolphins ability to and identity information in synthetic signature whistles that had all voice information removed demonstrates that the contour carries such signature information and that this information is used by the receiver. Janik and Slater (1998) argued that the need for individual recognition and group cohesion are the two key factors for the evolution of vocal learning in dolphins. Vocal learning enhances interindividual variability of signature whistles while maintaining potential group, population, or species features in the signal. In signature whistle development, a baby dolphin tends to duplicate the whistle that it only heard rarely adding slight modifications ending up as its own signature whistle (Fripp, et. al, 2005). This process leads to individually distinctive signature whistles. Geographic variation in whistle parameters over longer distances can also be a factor, the whistles produced by the dolphins at Ganges River are far different from those whistle sounds produced by those at Amazon River, or modifications are already done making each whistle sound unique (Wang,1995). However, the largest dolphin species, the killer whale (Orcinus orca), uses group-specific dialects in its communication system (Ford, 1983). Although vocal learning has evolved in one particular context, it can be used for other purposes once it is established. For example, learning also allows duplication of signals in direct social interactions. Dolphins frequently imitate each other’s whistles in the wild (Wells. et. al, 1987). These signature whistles carries identity information independent from voice features portray the possibility of using these as referential signals, either addressing individuals or referring to a group, similar to the use of names in humans. Given the cognitive abilities of bottlenose dolphins (Janik, 1999), their vocal learning and copying skills, and their fission–fusion social structure, their communication process can be further studied to provide evidences about their â€Å"dolphin messages and echoes. † Personal Conclusion All creatures have their own way of communication to their fellow species. Communication and echolocation among dolphins needs further study and experimentation. The processes involved in both communication (whistles) and echolocation are already established but the different factors affecting it are yet to be known. Dolphins have their unique sound, when calling a buddy and same with a mother dolphin calling her young. A mother dolphin whistles to her calf almost continuously for several days after giving birth. This acoustic imprinting produced by the mother dolphin helps the calf learn to identify its mother. Dolphins regulate their sounds by shunting air throughout the air sacs beneath the blowhole. Tissue structures in this area slap together (much like a trumpet player’s lips) to produce the clicks. These sounds often extend into the ultrasound region. The whistling sound and the echoes emitted aids dolphins in their survival. The problem lies if the whistling signal denotes individuality or whether it is just a modification of a whistling sound heard within the surroundings. Other factors such as geographical variation, pitch, waves and others can alter the sound produced. It is just so amazing that despite these factors which need to be further studied, the communication processes among dolphins continuously exist. The meaning of the message is not altered despite the mentioned factors. Also, hundred clicks (sounds) can be produced by dolphins within a second but they are able to produce the correct whistle for a specific event and thus the receiver dolphin reacts accordingly. Aside from the clicks produced, neural activity is still studied on how dolphins can accurately compute the frequency of the clicks emitted for them to understand the message. The whistling communication process among dolphins makes them unique among other sea creatures. Echolocation helps them to locate objects since vision would not be adequate in locating objects down under; also helping them to avoid bumping into other objects like seaweeds and corals. Whistles and echoes are the counterpart of speech and language for humans. Humans’ brains and that of dolphins are relatively of the same size. Neural activity frequency computation still remains unclear. Though many computations had been published, it still seems inadequate to explain the processes involved within the dolphin’s brain. Also, it is fascinating how these control the sound emitted. Despite the factors affecting their communication such as season, water depth, noise pollution, geographic variation their system of communication never failed. Whether it be on great depths of water, the receiver had been effective in sending his message to the receiver. Humans and dolphins are relatively similar but would that be enough to support the conclusion that organisms with bigger brain structure are capable of communicating with one another? Does it follow that complexity is proportional with brain size? Is it safe to assume that humans and dolphins are closely related? Dolphins in Danger Dolphins are indeed lovely sea creatures. It entertains us in its own ways. And often, meaningful association between humans and these sea creatures may develop just like in the movies we watch. It is just unfortunate that man harms these lovely creatures as we pollute and destroy their habitats to serve our own purpose. Human beings are the most complex life forms and we must take the responsibility of protecting these friendly sea creatures. Dying Dolphin and Porpoise References Aubauer, R. and Au, W. (1998). Phantom echo generation: A new technique for investigating dolphin echolocation. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 104(3). 1165-1170. Caldwell, Melba C. , David K. Caldwell, and Peter L. Tyack. â€Å"Review of the Signature- Whistle Hypothesis for the Atlantic Bottlenose Dolphin. † In The Bottlenose Dolphin, edited by Stephen Leatherwood and Randall R. Reeves, pp. 199-234. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc. , 1990. Dolphin Lovers. com (2006). Dolphin facts. Retrieved February 23, 2007 from http://www. dolphinlovers. com/facts. php. Dolphinear. com. (2006). Dolphin ear. Retrieved 24 February 2007 from http://www. dolphinear. com/data/dolphin_species. htm. Ford, J. K. B. & Fisher, H. D. (1983). In Communication and behavior of whales. Payne, R (ed. ). Westview, Boulder, 129–161.

Analysis of Fabulous Superlatives Concert - 578 Words

This may sound trite, but the concert as I saw it is best described by the name of the band, the Fabulous Superlatives!!! On every level this was a concert I will remember for a long time. The ArtsQuest venue was new to me and I was impressed with the ease of finding it, the free amble parking, the friendly staff and the great sound and seating. It is a modern impressive structure built around the old Bethlehem Steel Works. The ruins of the old plant are used as a visual backdrop to the new and impressive entertainment complex. There are a couple of restaurants, and a movie theater housed next to the concert venue. The food was very good, the serviced just great and Id would and plan to go back. Marty Stuart and the Fabulous Superlatives took the stage with a thunderous explosion of applause form the sold out audience. It was evident that many folks where their to see Marty as the primary reason for coming that evening. His band is truly both fabulous and superlative. The line up is: Harry Stenson on drums and background vocals; Kenny Vughan on lead and acoustic guitar; Paul Martin bass and background vocals and Clarence the guitar accompanying Marty Stuart. Clarence is the guitar played by the fabled Clarence White. Clarence and Rogers Rickenbacker 370/12 guitars were stars in their own right getting numerous pictures taken of them before, during and after the show. Marty , who is a guitar collector, also owns Hank a guitar one owned by Hank Williams Sr.Show MoreRelatedRomanticism and Modernism as Strange Bedfellows: A Fresh Look at Jack Kerouacs On the Road12240 Words   |  49 Pagespeople who interest me, because the only people for me are the mad ones, the ones w ho are mad to live, mad to talk, mad to be saved, desirous of everything at the same time, the ones who never yawn or say a commonplace thing but burn, burn, burn like fabulous yellow roman candles exploding like spiders across the stars. (5) Sal expresses himself with a degree of hyperbole steeped in emotionalism. A short time later, he expresses himself not only with great emotion, but a heightened sense of imaginationRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesmain issues inï ¬â€šuencing the competitive position of a number of organisations in the same industry with a relatively short case. For a case that permits a more comprehensive industry analysis The Pharmaceutical Industry could be used. However, if the purpose is more focused – illustrating the use of ‘ï ¬ ve forces’ analysis – the TUI case study or Illustration 2.3 on The Steel Industry could be used. Some cases are written entirely from published sources but most have been prepared in cooperation with